According to a study published in Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids, cannabinoid-based treatments may help reduce phantom limb pain, a difficult-to-treat neuropathic condition that can occur after limb loss or nerve injury.

Researchers from the University of Miami School of Medicine examined the effects of cannabidiol (CBD), β-caryophyllene (BCP) and THC in a rodent model designed to mimic phantom limb pain. The study tested the cannabinoids both as a preventive treatment, given at the time of nerve injury, and as a delayed treatment after pain behaviors had already developed.

The results showed that preemptive THC or a combination of CBD and BCP reduced the onset and severity of phantom limb pain, while a full combination of CBD, BCP and THC was less effective when used preventively. However, when treatment was delayed until after pain behaviors emerged, CBD/BCP and the full CBD/BCP/THC combination were the most effective at reducing pain.

Researchers found that pain reduction was associated with the restoration of spinal GABAergic inhibition, a process involved in controlling pain signaling. All cannabinoid treatments also reduced microglial and astrocyte reactivity and shifted cytokine activity toward a more anti-inflammatory profile.

The study concludes that cannabinoid-based interventions show therapeutic promise for phantom limb pain, with THC potentially offering greater benefits when used early and CBD/BCP appearing more useful once pain is already established.

The authors said the findings highlight the importance of tailoring cannabinoid treatments and dosing strategies depending on the timing and nature of neuropathic pain.