A Breakdown of Cannabis Laws in All 50 U.S. States

Below is a breakdown of cannabis policies in all 50 states.

For each state, we note whether medical cannabis is legal, whether recreational (adult-use) cannabis is legal, and key details of the law – including possession limits, home cultivation rules, and penalties for violations. All information is current as of mid-2025, reflecting the latest laws and recent changes.

Alabama

Medical: Legal (Limited) – Alabama legalized medical cannabis in 2021, but the program is limited and not yet fully operational as of 2025. Patients will be allowed certain non-smokable cannabis products (pills, oils, etc.) with a cap on daily dosages. Home cultivation is not permitted under the medical program.

Recreational: Illegal – Recreational marijuana is illegal in Alabama. Possession of any amount for personal use is a Class A misdemeanor, punishable by up to 1 year in jail and a fine up to $6,000. Subsequent offenses or possession deemed “other than personal use” (for example, intent to distribute) is a felony, which carries 1 year and 1 day to 10 years imprisonment and up to a $15,000 fine.

Possession Limits & Penalties: There is no legal amount for non-patients – any cannabis possession can result in arrest. First-offense personal-use possession (any amount) is a misdemeanor as noted above. If someone has a prior conviction not for personal use, or if the amount/ circumstances suggest intent to distribute, felony charges apply. Alabama law does not differentiate small “decriminalized” amounts at the state level (though a few cities have adopted local ordinance reforms). Possession of concentrates (hashish/THC oil) is penalized more harshly: any amount of hashish is a Class D felony (1–5 years in prison) because Alabama law does not treat concentrates as “personal use” quantities.

Home Grow: Not allowed – No personal cultivation is allowed for either patients or adult-use, and any cultivation can be prosecuted as possession or intent to distribute depending on circumstances.

Alaska

Medical: Legal – Medical marijuana has been legal in Alaska since 1998. Registered patients may possess useable cannabis (up to 1 ounce) and cultivate a limited number of plants for medical use.

Recreational: Legal – Alaska was among the first states to legalize adult-use cannabis (Ballot Measure 2 in 2014). Adults 21+ may possess up to 1 ounce (28 g) of marijuana in public. Notably, Alaska’s courts have recognized a constitutional privacy right allowing adults to possess greater amounts in the home: possession of 1–4 ounces in one’s residence is protected from penalty. Public consumption is prohibited (subject to a $100 fine).

Possession Limits & Penalties: Possession of up to 1 oz by adults is not penalized. If an adult possesses more than 1 oz outside the home, it’s a misdemeanor offense (for 1–<4 oz) punishable by up to 1 year in jail and $10,000 fine. Possession of 4 oz or more (or any amount within a school zone) is a felony with up to 5 years imprisonment. However, within a private residence, possession of under 4 oz is not subject to criminal penalty due to Alaska’s privacy protections. Possession with intent to distribute any amount over 1 oz is a felony (up to 5 years) under state law.

Home Grow: Allowed – Adults 21+ may cultivate up to 6 plants (with no more than 3 mature, flowering at one time) for personal use. A household may have a maximum of 12 plants (6 mature) if two or more adults live there. Cultivating within these limits is legal; growing more than 25 plants is treated as a felony (presumed intent to distribute) under Alaska law.

Arizona

Medical: Legal – Arizona voters approved medical marijuana in 2010 (Prop 203). Qualifying patients can possess up to 2.5 ounces of cannabis in a 14-day period. Medical patients may cultivate if they live >25 miles from a dispensary, under certain limits (up to 12 plants).

Recreational: Legal – Adult-use cannabis was legalized by Proposition 207 in November 2020. Adults 21+ may possess up to 1 ounce (28 g) of marijuana, of which no more than 5 grams can be concentrates/extracts. Possession of 1–2.5 oz (28–70 g) by an adult incurs a $300 civil fine (first offense). Home cultivation of up to 6 plants per adult (max 12 per household) is allowed for recreational users.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Adults can legally possess 1 oz or less. Possessing over 1 oz but not more than 2.5 oz is a civil offense (no jail) with a $300 fine. Higher amounts are criminal: between 2.5 oz and <2 pounds is a felony punishable by 6 months to 1.5 years in prison and up to $150,000 fine. Possession of 2–4 lbs is a more serious felony (9 months–2 years), and 4+ lbs can result in 1.5–3 years incarceration. Importantly, for adults 21+, Arizona’s legalization law eliminated criminal penalties for up to 2.5 oz – only a fine applies for 1–2.5 oz, and no penalty under 1 oz. (Minors and unlicensed sales are still subject to criminal charges.)

Home Grow: Allowed (Limited) – Adults may grow up to 6 plants at their residence, with a maximum of 12 plants total at a household with two or more adults. Plants must be in a locked, enclosed area. Unauthorized cultivation beyond these limits remains illegal; growing more than 12 plants can result in felony cultivation charges under Arizona law (with penalties scaling by plant count/weight).

Arkansas

Medical: Legal – Arkansas legalized medical cannabis via a 2016 ballot initiative. Patients with qualifying conditions can purchase and possess up to 2.5 ounces of marijuana per 14-day period. Home cultivation is not allowed for patients; they must obtain product from licensed dispensaries.

Recreational: Illegal – Recreational marijuana is not legal in Arkansas. An adult without a medical card caught with cannabis faces criminal penalties, though Arkansas has relatively lower penalties for first-time small possession. Possession of less than 4 ounces is a misdemeanor, punishable by up to 1 year in jail and up to a $2,500 fine. However, a first-time offender may be eligible for a conditional discharge to avoid jail (Arkansas law allows a first-offense possession charge to be expunged after probation).

Possession Limits & Penalties: For non-patients, possession under 4 oz is a Class A misdemeanor (up to 1 year jail). Possessing 4 oz to 10 lbs is a felony punishable by up to 6 years imprisonment. Larger quantities carry harsher felony sentences (e.g. 10–25 lbs: 3–10 years; 25–100 lbs: 5–20 years). These penalties illustrate that while small personal amounts carry jail exposure, Arkansas does not differentiate a lower civil fine threshold – any amount is criminal, though in practice first offenders with tiny amounts often get probation.

Home Grow: Not allowed – Neither recreational users (prohibited entirely) nor medical patients (by law) are permitted to cultivate cannabis at home in Arkansas. All legal medical cannabis must be purchased from state-licensed dispensaries.

California

Medical: Legal – California was the first state to legalize medical marijuana (Prop 215 in 1996). Patients (with a doctor’s recommendation) may possess and cultivate amounts reasonably related to their medical needs. State guidelines allow at least 8 ounces of dried cannabis and 6 mature or 12 immature plants for patients, unless more is needed medically.

Recreational: Legal – Adult-use cannabis has been legal since Prop 64 (2016). Adults 21+ may possess up to 28.5 grams (1 ounce) of cannabis flower and up to 8 grams of concentrates. They may also grow up to 6 plants per residence for personal use. Recreational sales are regulated statewide.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Possessing more than 28.5 g of marijuana (i.e. over the 1 oz legal limit) remains illegal: it is a misdemeanor punishable by up to 6 months in jail or a $500 fine. However, possession of amounts within the legal limit is completely allowed for adults. Notably, possession of 28.5 g or less on school grounds by someone over 18 is a misdemeanor (up to 10 days jail), and minors (under 18) face no incarceration but must complete drug education or community service. Concentrates: adults can possess up to 8 g of concentrates; more than 8 g is a misdemeanor (up to 6 months jail, $500 fine).

California has largely eliminated criminal penalties for cannabis under the legal limits – there are no fines for compliant adults. Unlicensed sale or distribution remains illegal (typically a misdemeanor if no aggravating factors). Also, public consumption can result in a fine (up to $100, higher if in certain areas).

Home Grow: Allowed – Adults may cultivate 6 plants per household for personal use. Cities and counties can impose reasonable regulations (such as requiring grows to be indoors or out of public view). Medical patients with a doctor’s recommendation can grow more than 6 plants if needed for their condition – state law allows medical users an amount reasonably related to their needs, which often means more than 6 plants or more than 1 ounce, with a doctor’s approval. Exceeding the home grow limit without medical justification can be charged as an infraction or misdemeanor. For example, cultivating more than 6 plants (non-medical) is a misdemeanor punishable by up to 6 months jail and $500 fine.

Colorado

Medical: Legal – Colorado approved medical cannabis in 2000 (Amendment 20). Patients can possess up to 2 ounces of usable marijuana and cultivate up to 6 plants (no more than 3 mature at a time) for medical use, unless a doctor recommends more.

Recreational: Legal – Colorado pioneered adult-use legalization in 2012 (Amendment 64). Adults 21+ can legally possess up to 2 ounces of cannabis flower (Colorado’s legal possession limit was increased from 1 oz to 2 oz in 2021). They may also grow up to 6 plants (3 mature) per person, with a max of 12 plants per household.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Possession of 2 ounces or less by an adult is not a criminal offense (no penalty). In fact, transferring up to 2 oz without payment is also allowed among adults. Possessing more than 2 oz is illegal: between 2–6 oz is a misdemeanor with up to 12 months in jail and up to a $1,000 fine. Possession of more than 6 oz (up to 12 oz) is a more serious misdemeanor (up to 18 months jail, $5,000 fine). Public use of any amount up to 2 oz is a petty offense punishable by a fine (up to $100) and required community service. Colorado law does not classify any amount of cannabis as a felony for simple possession – felony charges only apply to illicit distribution or extremely large quantities under other statutes.

Home Grow: Allowed – Adults may cultivate 6 plants each (maximum 3 flowering at one time) for personal use, with a cap of 12 plants per residence (regardless of the number of adults). These home grows must be in an enclosed, locked space not visible publicly. Cultivating within these limits is legal; growing more than 12 plants can result in felony cultivation charges. (Colorado has strict penalties for large-scale unlicensed grows; more than 30 plants is a felony 2–6 years prison.)

Connecticut

Medical: Legal – Connecticut legalized medical marijuana in 2012. Registered patients may possess a one-month supply of cannabis; regulations set that as up to 3 ounces per month (though this was expanded in 2023 for some patients). Initially home grow was not permitted for patients, but the law was later updated to allow limited home cultivation for medical patients starting October 2021.

Recreational: Legal – Adult-use cannabis was legalized in 2021 (Public Act 21-1). As of July 1, 2021, adults 21+ can possess up to 1.5 ounces of cannabis on their person and up to 5 ounces secured at home or in a locked car glovebox/trunk. Retail sales in Connecticut began in 2023.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Possession within the legal amounts (1.5 oz in public, 5 oz in private) is allowed with no penalty. Connecticut had already decriminalized small amounts prior to full legalization – possession of under ½ ounce was a civil infraction. Under current law, possession of over 1½ oz (the legal limit) is an offense. For example, possessing ≥ ½ ounce and above the legal limit can be a misdemeanor. Specifically, possession of ½ oz or more (if not authorized) is a Class A misdemeanor punishable by up to 1 year in jail and up to a $2,000 fine. Lesser amounts (under ½ oz) are no longer subject to criminal penalties for adults – initially it was a $150–$500 fine for under ½ oz, but those fines apply primarily to unauthorized possession by those under 21 (since adults 21+ can legally have 1.5 oz). In short, adults 21+ in Connecticut face penalties only if they possess above 1.5 ounces (or 5 ounces at home). There are also enhanced penalties for public consumption (infractions) and for possession on school grounds by non-students.

Home Grow: Allowed (with limits) – As of October 2021, Connecticut law permits home cultivation. Starting that date, medical marijuana patients were allowed to grow up to 6 plants (3 mature, 3 immature) at home. Beginning July 1, 2023, all adults 21+ are also allowed to home-cultivate up to 6 plants (again, 3 mature and 3 immature) per person, with a maximum of 12 plants per household. All plants must be grown indoors and not visible to the public. Growing more than these limits or other violations of home-grow rules can result in fines or criminal charges (cultivating outside the legal limits is treated as an unlicensed manufacture, which could be a misdemeanor or felony depending on scale).

Delaware

Medical: Legal – Delaware legalized medical marijuana in 2011. Qualified patients can possess up to 6 ounces of usable cannabis, obtained from state-licensed compassion centers. Home cultivation by patients is not permitted (patients rely on dispensaries).

Recreational: Legal – Delaware approved adult-use legalization in April 2023. Adults 21+ are now allowed to possess up to 1 ounce of marijuana, 12 grams of concentrates, or cannabis products containing up to 750 mg of THC. Home cultivation is not allowed for recreational users. The state is in the process of establishing a regulated market, with the first recreational sales set to begin on August 1.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Possession at or under 1 ounce is legal for adults 21+ (previously it was a civil violation with a $100 fine, but HB 1 of 2023 removed all penalties for up to 1 oz). Possessing more than 1 ounce is still unlawful. Under prior law (which still applies to amounts above the new legal limit), possession of over 1 oz up to 175 grams (about 6.2 ounces) is an unclassified misdemeanor, punishable by up to 3 months incarceration and up to a $575 fine. Possession of larger quantities can lead to felony charges: 175–1,500 g is a felony (up to 2 years prison), and 1,500–5,000 g a felony (up to 5 years). These penalties remain in effect for illicit possession above the “personal use quantity.” Public consumption remains illegal – using cannabis in public or in a vehicle can result in a fine up to $200 and up to 5 days in jail.

Home Grow: Not allowed – Delaware’s laws do not permit home growing for either recreational users or medical patients. All cannabis must be obtained through licensed stores (for adult use, once sales begin) or compassion centers (for medical). Cultivation of any amount by individuals is considered illegal manufacture, subject to criminal penalties.

Florida

Medical: Legal – Florida approved medical marijuana via a constitutional amendment in 2016. Qualifying patients can obtain cannabis from licensed Medical Marijuana Treatment Centers. While there isn’t a specific ounce limit in statute, patients receive a physician-recommended supply (for example, up to 2.5 ounces of smokable cannabis per 35 days under current rules). Home cultivation is not allowed for patients in Florida.

Recreational: Illegal – Recreational cannabis remains illegal in Florida (as of 2025). Efforts are underway to put adult-use legalization on the ballot in 2026, but currently non-medical possession is a crime. However, Florida has a relatively low threshold for a misdemeanor: possession of 20 grams or less of marijuana is a first-degree misdemeanor, punishable by up to 1 year in jail and a $1,000 fine. Possession of any amount above 20 g is a felony.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Under 20 grams (≈0.7 oz) is a misdemeanor (up to 1 year jail). At more than 20 g, the charge becomes a felony: possession of 20 g–25 lbs is a third-degree felony punishable by up to 5 years imprisonment and up to a $5,000 fine. Very large amounts (25+ pounds) are prosecuted as drug trafficking, with severe mandatory penalties – e.g. trafficking 25–2,000 lbs carries a mandatory minimum 3 years and $25,000 fine under Florida law (and 2,000+ lbs has higher enhancements). In addition to state law, a number of Florida cities have locally decriminalized small amounts (issuing citations instead of arrests), but those policies are not uniform statewide. Importantly, because medical use is legal, qualified patients can possess their medicine (amounts within state limits) without penalty, but non-qualifying individuals have no legal protection.

Home Grow: Not allowed – Florida law prohibits personal cultivation for both medical patients and the general public. All medical cannabis must be purchased from licensed dispensaries. There have been legislative proposals to allow medical patients to grow a limited number of plants at home, but as of 2025 no such provision is in effect.

Georgia

Medical: Limited – Georgia does not have a full medical marijuana program; however, since 2015 it has allowed low-THC oil for certain patients. Registered patients may possess up to 20 fluid ounces of cannabis oil that contains no more than 5% THC. Georgia’s program does not permit smokable marijuana or home cultivation – only low-THC extracts are allowed, and until recently there was no in-state access (in 2019 and 2021, laws were passed to license limited production of low-THC oil for patients).

Recreational: Illegal – All non-medical marijuana possession is illegal in Georgia, with no statewide decriminalization. Possession of 1 ounce or less is a misdemeanor punishable by up to 1 year in jail and a $1,000 fine. (Notably, Georgia is one of the few states where first-offense marijuana possession is technically a misdemeanor rather than a civil infraction, though some jurisdictions choose not to arrest for small amounts.) Possession of over 1 ounce is a felony.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Up to 1 oz (28 g) is a misdemeanor (up to 12 months incarceration and $1,000 fine). In practice, first-time offenders often receive probation. More than 1 oz is a felony in Georgia, carrying 1 to 10 years in prison (with the higher range for significantly larger quantities). Specifically, possessing more than 10 lbs is treated as trafficking, which has mandatory minimum prison terms (5 to 30 years) and very large fines up to $1,000,000 depending on weight.

Some Georgia cities (like Atlanta, Savannah, etc.) have enacted local ordinances to make possession of <1 oz a non-jailable offense (small fine), but under state law it remains a misdemeanor. Additionally, Georgia law allows conditional discharge for first-time simple possession (meaning the court can dismiss the charge after probation).

Home Grow: Not allowed – Georgia strictly forbids personal cultivation of cannabis. Even medical patients cannot grow their own and must rely on state-sanctioned low-THC oil producers. Growing any number of marijuana plants can be charged as manufacturing, which is a felony punishable by 1 to 10 years (and if involving large amounts, can fall under trafficking statutes).

Hawaii

Medical: Legal – Hawaii legalized medical cannabis in 2000. Qualifying patients may possess up to 4 ounces of usable marijuana at a time. Uniquely, Hawaii does allow registered patients to cultivate their own supply: a patient (or caregiver) can grow up to 10 cannabis plants at their residence for medical use. Dispensaries are operational in the state as well.

Recreational: Illegal – As of 2025, recreational marijuana is not yet legal in Hawaii. (There have been decriminalization and legalization bills considered, and small possession is decriminalized as a violation.) In 2019, Hawaii decriminalized possession of 3 grams or less – an amount roughly equivalent to a few joints. Possessing up to 3 g is punishable by a $130 fine and no jail. This 3 g threshold is one of the lowest in the nation for decrim. Possession of more than 3 g remains a crime.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Up to 3 grams – a violation (not a criminal offense) with a $130 fine. More than 3 g up to 1 oz (28 g) – a petty misdemeanor, punishable by up to 30 days in jail and up to a $1,000 fine. 1 oz to 1 pound – a misdemeanor, up to 1 year in jail and $2,000 fine. 1 lb or more – a class C felony, with up to 5 years imprisonment and up to a $10,000 fine. In short, Hawaii has a very small decriminalized amount; anything above 3 grams can lead to at least a misdemeanor charge.

Home Grow: Allowed for Medical, Not for Recreational – Registered medical patients in Hawaii may cultivate up to 10 plants at home for personal medicinal use. The plants must be tagged with the patient’s registration. Recreational cultivation is not permitted (since non-medical use is still illegal). If a non-patient grows cannabis, it is considered cultivation of a controlled substance – penalties depend on plant count and are quite severe for higher numbers.

Idaho

Medical: Illegal – Idaho is one of the few states with no medical cannabis law. All forms of cannabis (including medical use) remain illegal. Idaho has not even passed a low-THC CBD oil law; the state has maintained a strict prohibition stance.

Recreational: Illegal – Cannabis is completely illegal in Idaho for recreational use. Possession of small amounts is a misdemeanor, but Idaho’s thresholds are strict: possession of up to 3 ounces (any amount under 3 oz) is a misdemeanor punishable by up to 1 year in jail and a $1,000 fine. Possession of 3+ ounces is a felony.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Less than 3 oz – misdemeanor, up to 1 year incarceration and $1,000 fine. 3 oz to 1 lb – a felony punishable by up to 5 years in prison and up to a $10,000 fine. Possession of 1 pound or more, or cultivating more than 25 plants, is considered drug trafficking under Idaho law – it carries a mandatory minimum of 1 year in prison (up to 15 years) and fines up to $50,000. Idaho’s laws do not distinguish “personal use” quantities beyond that 3-ounce cutoff; even relatively small excess amounts result in felony charges. There is no decriminalization – any amount is criminal, and the state does not have diversion for simple possession (aside from normal probation processes).

Home Grow: Not allowed – All cultivation of marijuana is illegal in Idaho. Growing even one plant can be charged as “manufacturing a controlled substance,” a felony. If 25 or more plants are grown, it triggers trafficking charges with severe penalties. Idaho has notably resisted any legalization, so personal growing is completely banned.

Illinois

Medical: Legal – Illinois established a medical cannabis program in 2013 (pilot program, now permanent). Patients may purchase/possess up to 2.5 ounces of usable cannabis every 14 days. Originally, home cultivation was not allowed for medical patients, but the law was later amended to permit limited patient growing.

Recreational: Legal – Illinois legalized adult-use cannabis in 2019 (effective Jan 1, 2020). Adults 21+ may possess up to 30 grams of cannabis flower (a little over one ounce), up to 5 grams of concentrates, or up to 500 mg of THC in edibles. Non-residents (visitors) have lower possession limits (15 g flower, 2.5 g concentrate, 250 mg THC in products). The state has a regulated retail market.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Possession within the legal amounts (≤30 g by residents) is allowed with no penalty. Possessing more than 30 g up to 100 g (about 1.1 to 3.5 ounces) is a misdemeanor for a first offense (up to 1 year jail, $2,500 fine). A second offense in that range becomes a felony. Possession of 100 g to 500 g is a felony punishable by 1–3 years imprisonment. Larger amounts carry higher felony classes (e.g. >500 g up to 2,000 g: 2–5 years, etc.). In short, Illinois still has penalties for possession above the personal-use limits, but no felony for simple possession kicks in until over 100 grams (roughly 3.5 oz) on a first offense. It’s also worth noting Illinois had decriminalized up to 10 g even before full legalization – now that is moot for adults, but remains relevant for minors or others not covered by legalization.

Home Grow: Partially allowed – Recreational users are not allowed to cultivate cannabis at home in Illinois. However, registered medical patients are allowed to grow up to 5 plants (over 5 inches tall) per household for personal medical use. This home-grow privilege is strictly for patients; non-patient adults growing any plants can face civil fines (for small numbers) or criminal charges. Illinois law imposes a penalty of $200 for growing up to 5 plants without authorization (civil offense), but 6–20 plants is a misdemeanor and 20+ is a felony. Thus, only medical cardholders can legally cultivate, and even they are limited to 5 plants.

Indiana

Medical: Illegal – Indiana has no medical marijuana program and is among the states with the most restrictive policies. The only allowance is that products containing CBD derived from hemp (with <0.3% THC) are legal; but any marijuana with higher THC is prohibited. There is no medical cannabis law.

Recreational: Illegal – Cannabis is entirely illegal for recreational use in Indiana. Possession of any amount (even a small personal amount) is a misdemeanor. Specifically, possession under 30 grams (~1 ounce) is a Class B misdemeanor punishable by up to 180 days in jail and a $1,000 fine. If someone has a prior drug offense, the same amount can be charged as a Class A misdemeanor (up to 1 year jail). Possession of more than 30 g (which is not much over an ounce) can be a felony in certain circumstances (or intent to distribute charges).

Possession Limits & Penalties: Under 30 grams – first offense is a misdemeanor (up to 180 days) as noted. Over 30 grams or any amount with a prior conviction – Class A misdemeanor (up to 1 year). At quantities of approximately 10 lbs (or 300+ grams), Indiana law treats it as a Level 6 felony (6 months to 2½ years). However, practically, simple possession charges are usually misdemeanors unless large amounts or distribution intent are involved. Indiana does not have a separate decriminalization statute – all marijuana possession is criminal, though some prosecutors in major cities have adopted policies to not pursue minor possession cases.

Home Grow: Not allowed – All cultivation of cannabis is illegal in Indiana. Growing even a single plant is treated as a felony “manufacturing” offense (potential Level 6 felony, punishable by 6 months–2.5 years). Indiana’s penalties for cultivation scale with weight similar to possession with intent. There is no allowance for personal cultivation since neither medical nor recreational use is legal.

Iowa

Medical: Limited – Iowa has a very limited medical cannabis program (originally the “CBD-only” law in 2014, expanded in 2017). The program allows registered patients to possess cannabis-derived products that are capped at 3% THC (low THC oil, creams, etc.). Dispensaries operate dispensing these low-THC products. There is no allowance for smoking cannabis or high-THC flower. Patients can possess up to 4.5 grams of THC in a 90-day period (with exceptions for certain patients).

Recreational: Illegal – Recreational marijuana is illegal in Iowa. The state has not decriminalized possession, although penalties for first offenses are not extremely harsh compared to some states. Possession of a small amount (first offense) is a misdemeanor punishable by up to 6 months jail and a $1,000 fine. Subsequent offenses carry heavier penalties.

Possession Limits & Penalties: First offense possession of marijuana (for an amount up to 50 kg, effectively any personal amount) is a serious misdemeanor in Iowa, with up to 6 months incarceration and $1,000 fine. A second offense is an aggravated misdemeanor (up to 1 year jail, $1,875 fine), and a third or subsequent offense is a Class D felony (up to 5 years prison). In practice, someone caught with a few grams for the first time often receives a deferred judgment or probation, but the law still classifies it as a criminal offense. Possession of larger amounts with intent to deliver can bring felony charges (and Iowa has specific thresholds for trafficking, such as ≥50 kg). Notably, Iowa law does distinguish marijuana from other controlled substances to some extent – simple possession of marijuana is treated less severely than, say, cocaine or meth (which are felonies even on first offense).

Home Grow: Not allowed – Iowa does not permit any home cultivation. Even medical patients are not allowed to grow their low-THC cannabis. All legal products must come from licensed dispensaries. If someone grows marijuana plants, they can be charged with manufacturing, which is a felony in Iowa (even one plant could potentially be a felony cultivation charge, though in practice small grows might be charged as possession with intent).

Kansas

Medical: Illegal – Kansas is one of the few states with no comprehensive medical cannabis law. It does not allow medical marijuana. In 2019, Kansas passed a law that provides an affirmative defense for possession of CBD oil with zero THC for certain medical conditions. Only CBD with no THC is permitted, and even that is limited. No THC-containing medical cannabis is legal.

Recreational: Illegal – All cannabis possession is illegal in Kansas. Kansas has relatively tough laws and is one of the only states with no THC allowances at all. Possession of any amount is a misdemeanor on first offense, but a second offense can be a felony. Specifically, first-time possession is a Class B misdemeanor (up to 6 months jail, $1,000 fine). A second conviction is a Class A misdemeanor (up to 1 year jail), and a third or subsequent possession offense is a low-level felony (Level 5 drug felony, which can mean up to 3½ years in prison depending on criminal history).

Possession Limits & Penalties: Any amount – misdemeanor on first offense. Kansas law doesn’t set a specific gram threshold; any usable quantity is chargeable. First offense: up to 6 months jail. Second: up to 1 year. Third: a felony with potential prison time. Possession of 450 g (about a pound) or more can automatically trigger intent to distribute charges. Kansas has no decriminalization law.

Home Grow: Not allowed – Kansas prohibits cultivation of cannabis. Growing any number of plants is prosecuted as distribution. Cultivating under 5 plants is a level 3 drug felony; 5 to 49 plants is a level 2 felony, and so on. Personal growing is completely illegal.

Kentucky

Medical: Legal (Recently Approved) – In 2023, Kentucky passed SB 47 legalizing medical cannabis. The program is expected to become operational by early 2025. Registered patients with qualifying conditions will be able to purchase and use regulated medical cannabis products. Raw smoking products are not allowed; permitted forms include vapes, edibles, and oils. Home cultivation is not allowed. Until the program launches, some legal protections exist under the governor’s executive order for patients bringing cannabis from other states.

Recreational: Illegal – Recreational marijuana is illegal in Kentucky. However, possession of up to 8 ounces is a misdemeanor, presumed for personal use. This Class B misdemeanor carries up to 45 days in jail and a $250 fine. Jail time is uncommon for first offenses; most are resolved through fines or diversion. Possession of more than 8 ounces, or cultivation of 5+ plants, is a felony.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Up to 8 oz – misdemeanor, max 45 days jail and $250 fine. Over 8 oz or cultivation of 5 or more plants is presumed trafficking and is a Class D felony punishable by 1 to 5 years in prison. While small possession penalties are relatively light, Kentucky has not passed a formal decriminalization law. Repeated offenses or larger quantities increase the severity of penalties.

Home Grow: Not allowed – Home cultivation is prohibited under both the medical and recreational laws. Growing fewer than 5 plants may be treated as misdemeanor possession, but 5 or more is presumed trafficking. All medical cannabis must come from licensed facilities.

Louisiana

Medical: Legal – Louisiana has had a medical cannabis program since 2015, with significant expansions since. Patients with qualifying conditions can obtain cannabis from licensed dispensaries. As of 2022, raw cannabis flower is allowed. Patients may purchase up to 2.5 ounces of flower every 14 days. Home cultivation is not permitted.

Recreational: Illegal – Recreational cannabis is not legal in Louisiana. However, in 2021 the state decriminalized possession of up to 14 grams. This amount is punishable by a $100 fine and no jail time. Possession above 14 grams remains a criminal offense.

Possession Limits & Penalties: 14 g or less – misdemeanor, $100 fine, no jail. Over 14 g up to 2.5 lbs – up to 6 months jail and $500 fine. Over 2.5 lbs is a felony with mandatory minimum sentences that increase with weight (e.g., at 60 lbs, 2,000 lbs, etc.). While Louisiana softened penalties for small possession, more than half an ounce still carries the risk of jail time.

Home Grow: Not allowed – Personal cultivation is illegal. Medical marijuana must be obtained through licensed producers. Growing cannabis at home can result in felony charges, depending on weight or number of plants.

Maine

Medical: Legal – Maine’s medical marijuana program has been in place since 1999, expanded in 2009. Patients may possess up to 2.5 ounces of cannabis and grow up to 6 mature and 12 immature plants for medical use.

Recreational: Legal – Maine legalized adult-use marijuana in 2016. Adults 21+ may possess up to 2.5 ounces of cannabis and up to 5 grams of concentrate. Home cultivation is also allowed.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Legal to possess up to 2.5 ounces. Possession of 2.5–8 oz is a Class E crime (up to 6 months jail, $1,000 fine). 8 oz to 1 lb is a Class D crime (up to 364 days jail, $2,000 fine). Over 1 lb is a felony. For concentrates, the limit is 5 grams—more than that can bring criminal penalties. Public consumption is banned and carries a civil fine.

Home Grow: Allowed – Adults 21+ may grow up to 3 mature, 12 immature plants, and unlimited seedlings. This is per person, but there is a 6-mature-plant cap per household. Medical patients may grow up to 6 mature plants. Exceeding plant limits brings escalating penalties, including civil fines or criminal charges for large-scale cultivation.

Maryland

Medical: Legal – Maryland legalized medical marijuana in 2014, with dispensaries opening in 2017. Patients are entitled to a 30-day supply based on physician guidance. Home cultivation is not allowed for medical patients.

Recreational: Legal – Maryland voters approved recreational marijuana in 2022, and it became legal on July 1, 2023. Adults 21+ may possess up to 1.5 ounces of cannabis, 12 grams of concentrate, or a combined equivalent. Possession of up to 2.5 ounces at home is also allowed.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Up to 1.5 oz – legal. Between 1.5 and 2.5 oz – civil offense with fines up to $250 for a first offense. Over 2.5 oz – misdemeanor punishable by up to 6 months in jail and/or a $1,000 fine. Public consumption can result in a $50 civil fine. Maryland allows automatic expungement of records for past low-level marijuana offenses.

Home Grow: Allowed – Recreational users may grow up to 2 plants per household. Medical patients may grow up to 4 plants per household. All cultivation must be private and secured. Exceeding the legal plant count can result in fines or criminal penalties depending on the number of plants.

Massachusetts

Medical: Legal – Massachusetts legalized medical marijuana in 2012. Registered patients may possess a 60-day supply for personal medical use (defined as up to 10 ounces, unless more is prescribed). Patients and their caregivers are also allowed to cultivate a limited number of plants for their own use (up to 12 plants per patient) if they have hardship or personal needs.

Recreational: Legal – Massachusetts voters approved recreational cannabis in 2016. Adults 21+ may possess up to 1 ounce of cannabis in public (not more than 5 grams of that can be concentrate), and may have up to 10 ounces at home. Adult home cultivation is permitted: each adult can grow up to 6 plants, with a maximum of 12 plants per household.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Possessing up to 1 oz in public is legal. Having more than 1 oz on your person is a violation – for example, 1–2 oz in public results in a civil fine of $100 and confiscation. At home, adults are allowed to possess the harvested yield of their plants (up to 10 oz can be stored before triggering storage rules). Possession of 2 oz or more in public is a misdemeanor punishable by up to 6 months in jail and up to a $500 fine. Very large amounts or possession with intent to distribute can lead to more serious charges, but simple possession is rarely prosecuted as a felony.

Home Grow: Allowed – Adults 21+ can grow 6 plants each, with a household cap of 12 plants. Plants must be secured from minors and not visible from public areas. Possessing more than 10 oz from home harvests must be stored securely. Exceeding the plant limit can lead to fines or criminal charges, though minor overages typically result in civil penalties. Medical patients may cultivate up to 12 plants or 24 if two patients share a location.

Michigan

Medical: Legal – Michigan approved medical marijuana in 2008. Patients may possess up to 2.5 ounces of usable marijuana and can cultivate up to 12 plants for personal medical use. Michigan has a well-established medical system with numerous dispensaries.

Recreational: Legal – Michigan voters legalized adult-use cannabis in 2018. Adults 21+ may possess up to 2.5 ounces in public and up to 10 ounces at home, plus up to 15 grams of concentrate. Home cultivation of up to 12 plants per household is legal.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Possessing up to 2.5 oz in public or 10 oz at home is legal. Over 2.5 oz up to 5 oz is a civil infraction with a $500 fine. Possessing more than 5 oz without authority is a misdemeanor, typically with no jail time. Michigan does not have felony possession penalties for adults unless distribution or large-scale trafficking is involved. Public consumption and consumption in vehicles remain illegal.

Home Grow: Allowed – Adults may cultivate up to 12 plants per household. Plants must be grown indoors or in a secure area not visible from public view. Exceeding this limit results in scaled penalties: 13–24 plants is a civil infraction, 25–200 is a misdemeanor, and over 200 is a felony. Medical patients are also allowed up to 12 plants under the earlier law.

Minnesota

Medical: Legal – Minnesota legalized medical cannabis in 2014. The program originally allowed only non-smokable preparations, with flower added in 2021. Patients may obtain a 30-day supply from state dispensaries. As of 2023, dried flower is available, and qualifying conditions have expanded.

Recreational: Legal – Minnesota legalized adult-use marijuana in 2023. Adults 21+ may possess up to 2 oz of flower in public, 8 grams of concentrate, and 800 mg of THC in edibles. At home, adults may possess up to 2 pounds of flower. Retail sales are expected to begin either later this year or in early 2026.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Possession within legal limits is allowed. Possession of 2–8 oz in public is a petty misdemeanor (up to $300 fine). Possessing 8 oz to 2 lbs in public is a misdemeanor (up to 90 days jail). Over 2 lbs or evidence of distribution leads to more serious charges, including felonies. Public use in unauthorized places can result in a $50 fine. Driving under the influence of cannabis remains illegal.

Home Grow: Allowed – Adults may grow up to 8 plants, with no more than 4 mature at once, per household. Plants must be kept in an enclosed, locked area and not visible to the public. Exceeding plant limits may result in fines or criminal charges. Large unlicensed grows may be prosecuted as felonies.

Mississippi

Medical: Legal – Mississippi legalized medical marijuana in 2022 through legislative action. Patients may purchase up to 3.5 grams of flower per day, with a monthly cap of 3 ounces. Home cultivation is not permitted; patients must buy from licensed dispensaries.

Recreational: Illegal – Recreational cannabis is illegal in Mississippi. However, possession of up to 30 grams is decriminalized for a first offense, carrying only a fine of $100–$250. It remains a misdemeanor but with no jail for first-time possession.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Up to 30 g (first offense) – fine only, no jail. Second offense – up to 60 days in jail and a $250 fine. Third offense – up to 6 months jail and $1,000 fine. Possession of 30–250 g is a felony with 1 to 3 years in prison. Higher amounts trigger escalating penalties, with up to 30 years for the largest quantities.

Home Grow: Not allowed – Home cultivation is illegal. Patients must obtain cannabis from licensed dispensaries. Unlawful cultivation is prosecuted based on the weight of the plants and may result in possession or trafficking charges.

Missouri

Medical: Legal – Missouri legalized medical marijuana in 2018. Patients may possess up to 4 ounces of dried marijuana per 30 days. With a cultivation card, patients or caregivers may grow 6 flowering plants, 6 non-flowering, and 6 clones per patient.

Recreational: Legal – Voters approved recreational cannabis in 2022. Adults 21+ may possess up to 3 ounces of marijuana. Home cultivation is allowed for adults with a $100 personal cultivation card.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Possessing up to 3 oz is legal. Possession of 3–6 oz is a civil infraction with a $100 fine. Possession of over 6 oz without authorization is a misdemeanor (up to 1 year jail, $2,000 fine). Larger amounts and unlicensed distribution may trigger felony charges. The new law includes automatic expungement of certain past marijuana offenses.

Home Grow: Allowed – Medical patients and adults with cultivation cards may grow up to 6 flowering, 6 non-flowering, and 6 clones each. Plants must be in a locked, enclosed facility. Exceeding limits or growing without a license can result in penalties. Households with multiple adults may be subject to aggregate caps to prevent excessive grows.

Montana

Medical: Legal – Montana legalized medical marijuana in 2004 (Initiative 148) and expanded it via a 2016 initiative. Patients may possess up to 1 ounce of usable cannabis and can cultivate up to 4 mature plants (and 4 seedlings) for personal medical use, unless they designate a provider.

Recreational: Legal – Montana voters approved recreational cannabis in 2020 (Initiative 190). Adults 21+ may possess up to 1 ounce of marijuana (with not more than 8 grams of it as concentrate) legally. As of January 2021, possession and home growing became legal; sales began in 2022.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Possession of up to 1 oz by adults is legal (no penalty). Possessing between 1 and 2 oz is a civil offense: Montana treats 1–2 oz over the limit as a civil fine ($50–$500) with required drug education for repeated violations. Specifically, first offense 1–2 oz is a $200 fine or 4 hours community service; second offense $300 or 6 hours; third offense $500 or 8 hours. Possession of more than 2 oz is a felony punishable by up to 5 years in prison and $5,000 fine. So Montana effectively decriminalized up to 2 oz (with 1–2 oz being civil), and kept >2 oz as the threshold for criminal charges. Public consumption is prohibited (civil fine). Prior to legalization, any amount was a misdemeanor, but now adults have broad protection for personal quantities.

Home Grow: Allowed – Adults may cultivate up to 2 mature plants and 2 seedlings for personal use at home. A household can have up to 4 mature plants and 4 seedlings maximum (if two or more adults are present). Medical cardholders are allowed a bit more: they can petition for increased plant counts, but baseline is similar (4 mature, 4 seedlings for patients growing their own). All cultivation must be at the person’s private residence and out of public sight. Growing more than allowed can lead to penalties. For example, growing 3–6 plants over the legal limit can be a misdemeanor; larger illegal grows (e.g. 30+ plants) can be felonies. But Montana’s legal allowance should cover most personal use needs.

Nebraska

Medical: Legal (Newly) – In November 2024, Nebraska voters approved two medical cannabis initiatives (Measure 437 and 438) to establish a medical marijuana program. As of mid-2025, the state is in the process of implementing this program. (Previously, Nebraska had no medical cannabis law; these initiatives changed that, pending regulatory setup.) Under the new law, registered patients will be protected for possessing and acquiring limited amounts of cannabis for medical use, and a regulatory structure for dispensaries and products will be created. The law likely does not allow home cultivation (specific rules are being developed, but most likely no home grow).

Recreational: Illegal – Recreational use is illegal in Nebraska. That said, Nebraska has one of the more lenient first-offense policies in the nation: possession of up to 1 ounce is an infraction (not a criminal misdemeanor) punishable by a $300 citation and no jail. Additionally, first-time possession carries no criminal record (it’s like a ticket). A second offense (≤1 oz) is a misdemeanor with a $400 fine and up to 5 days jail, and a third offense up to 7 days jail and $500 fine. Possession of more than 1 oz is a misdemeanor or felony depending on amount.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Up to 1 oz (first offense) – infraction, $300 fine, and the court may mandate a drug education course. Second offense ≤1 oz – misdemeanor, up to 5 days jail and $400 fine. Third or subsequent ≤1 oz – misdemeanor, up to 7 days jail and $500 fine. These penalties show a progressive increase, but even the third offense maxes out at a week in jail, which is relatively mild. Possession of 1 oz to 1 pound – Class III misdemeanor, up to 3 months jail and $500 fine. Over 1 pound – Class IV felony, up to 2 years imprisonment and $10,000 fine. In summary, small personal amounts have been decriminalized for first timers, but larger amounts or repeat offenses still carry jail.

Home Grow: Not allowed – Nebraska law prohibits cultivation of cannabis. Growing any amount is treated under manufacture/possession with intent statutes. With medical legalization underway, it remains expected that home cultivation will not be permitted for patients (the focus is on a tightly regulated dispensary system). Thus, personal cultivation is illegal and subject to criminal penalties.

Nevada

Medical: Legal – Nevada legalized medical marijuana in 2000. Patients may possess up to 2.5 ounces of usable cannabis in a 14-day period. Initially, patients could grow up to 12 plants if they lacked a nearby dispensary, but that provision changed once dispensaries opened: now home grow for patients is only allowed if the patient lives >25 miles from a dispensary or meets certain hardship criteria (up to 12 plants).

Recreational: Legal – Nevada legalized adult-use cannabis in 2016 (effective Jan 2017 for possession, with sales from 2017). Adults 21+ may possess up to 1 ounce of cannabis or 1/8 of an ounce (3.5 g) of concentrates legally.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Possessing up to 1 oz is legal for adults. More than 1 oz up to 2.5 oz is treated as a misdemeanor (punishable by up to 6 months and/or $1,000) – however, Nevada revised the law such that first offense over an ounce is actually a misdemeanor but the person may just get a fine. Practically, any possession above the limit is unlawful, but small overages would likely result in a citation. 2.5 oz to <12 oz is a Category E felony in Nevada (probation likely, but technically 1–4 years possible). 12 oz or more is a Category C felony (1–5 years). Those felony thresholds are high; realistically few people carry that much. Also, consuming in public is a misdemeanor (Nevada only allows use in private or in future licensed lounges).

One quirk: Nevada prohibits possession by adults of any amount if they knowingly consume it in public – but that’s covered by the public use ban. Another important note: Nevada law generally doesn’t punish mere possession of up to 2.5 oz harshly post-legalization. Also, Nevada has a 25-mile rule for cultivation.

Home Grow: Partially allowed – Nevada allows home cultivation only under certain conditions. Specifically, adults may grow up to 6 plants per person, 12 per household if and only if they reside more than 25 miles from the nearest licensed dispensary. This rule was set to encourage use of retail stores. If you live within 25 miles of a store, home grow for non-medical purposes is generally prohibited. Medical patients had a similar provision historically (they could grow 12 plants if no dispensary nearby). So in rural areas without access, adults can cultivate within the 6/12 plant limit. If someone grows in violation of the 25-mile rule or exceeds plant counts, they face penalties: 1–6 plants illegally is a misdemeanor, 7–12 is also a misdemeanor (subsequent offenses escalate), more plants can lead to felony charges. In sum, home grow is allowed in Nevada under limited geographical circumstances; otherwise it’s not permitted for the general public living near cities.

New Hampshire

Medical: Legal – New Hampshire legalized medical cannabis in 2013. Patients can possess up to 2 ounces of usable cannabis. However, New Hampshire does not allow home cultivation for patients (attempts to add home grow have so far failed in the legislature). Patients must obtain cannabis from one of the state’s Alternative Treatment Centers (dispensaries).

Recreational: Illegal – New Hampshire has not legalized recreational use, though it has decriminalized small amounts. Possession of ¾ ounce (21 grams) or less of marijuana is a civil violation — specifically, up to 3/4 oz is punishable by a $100 fine for a first or second offense (and slightly higher fines for subsequent offenses, up to $300). No jail and no criminal record for these amounts. Possession of over ¾ oz is still a misdemeanor.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Up to ¾ oz (first or second offense) – civil violation, $100 fine. Third offense ≤¾ oz – $300 fine. A fourth offense can be charged as a misdemeanor (though still no jail mandated, but could be up to 3 days). Essentially, New Hampshire treats small personal possession as a fine-only matter now. Possession of more than ¾ oz (or any amount on a fourth offense) – misdemeanor, punishable by up to 1 year in jail and up to a $350 fine. Any possession with intent to distribute (or very large amounts) is a felony.

New Hampshire is notably the only New England state without recreational legalization, but it aligns with neighbors by having decrim for small amounts. There’s also a separate decrim for marijuana-infused products up to 300 mg of THC. Public use can result in a $100 fine (as disorderly conduct type offense).

Home Grow: Not allowed – Neither medical patients nor others can legally grow cannabis in New Hampshire. The state’s medical law explicitly forbids cultivation by patients (which has been a point of contention – many advocates push to allow at least patient grows). Cultivation of any amount is a felony in NH (7-year term max for any cultivation, under the law treating it as manufacture). Thus, any personal grow operation is illegal.

New Jersey

Medical: Legal – New Jersey has had medical marijuana since 2010 (the program expanded significantly in 2019–2020 under the Jake Honig Act). Patients can purchase and possess up to 3 ounces of cannabis in a 30-day period (current limit). Home cultivation is not permitted for patients in NJ, which is a sore point as NJ remains one of few medical states with no home grow.

Recreational: Legal – New Jersey voters approved adult-use legalization in 2020 (Public Question 1), and enabling legislation was signed in 2021. Adults 21+ may possess up to 6 ounces of cannabis legally – NJ’s possession limit is relatively high (perhaps to avoid criminalizing moderate amounts). There is no home cultivation allowed for recreational users, unfortunately.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Possession of up to 6 oz of marijuana is legal for adults – no penalties. Possession of more than 6 oz is a crime: carrying over 6 oz is a 4th-degree crime (potentially up to 18 months imprisonment and up to a $25,000 fine), though likely prosecuted in serious cases only. Notably, New Jersey previously had decriminalized up to 6 oz in 2021 (making it a non-criminal violation), but with full legalization, ≤6 oz is outright legal. For hash/concentrates, the legal amount is up to 17 grams (which is roughly equivalent in THC content to 6 oz flower). Possession of more than 17 g concentrate is also a 4th-degree crime. Distribution without a license is still illegal; giving up to 1 oz to another adult is allowed (so long as it’s truly without payment). Public consumption is not allowed and can result in a civil fine.

Overall, NJ’s law is lenient on users: anything ≤6 oz is fine; above that, while technically a felony, one would have to possess a quite large personal stash to exceed the limit.

Home Grow: Not allowed – New Jersey infamously does not permit any home cultivation, either for medical patients or recreational users. Despite legalization, the state retained a ban on personal growing (all cannabis must be obtained from dispensaries). Cultivating plants in NJ is still subject to serious penalties. For example, growing even 1–9 plants is a 3rd-degree crime (3–5 years possible). This prohibition has been criticized by advocates, but as of 2025 remains in place.

New Mexico

Medical: Legal – New Mexico legalized medical marijuana in 2007 (Lynn and Erin Compassionate Use Act). Patients may possess an adequate supply, defined as up to 8 ounces over 90 days. Initially, home cultivation for patients was allowed up to 16 plants (4 mature, 12 immature).

Recreational: Legal – New Mexico legalized adult-use cannabis in 2021 (via HB 2). Adults 21+ can possess up to 2 ounces of cannabis, 16 grams of concentrate, or 800 mg of edibles outside the home. There is no explicit possession cap at home – adults can store the results of their home harvest, but more than 2 oz in public is illegal. Retail sales in New Mexico began in April 2022.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Possession of up to 2 oz is legal. Possession over 2 oz (in public) is a crime: 2–8 oz is a misdemeanor (up to 1 year jail, $1,000 fine), and over 8 oz is a 4th-degree felony (up to 18 months prison). However, if the overage happens at one’s home, the law is less clear since adults can have more stored at home – but transporting or having it in public triggers the limits. Essentially, New Mexico eliminated penalties for personal amounts, and only relatively larger amounts remain penalized. Before full legalization, NM had already decriminalized up to half an ounce ($50 fine); now those limits are expanded. Public consumption is punishable by a fine (petty misdemeanor). Also, New Mexico actively expunged past records for cannabis offenses after legalization.

Home Grow: Allowed – New Mexico adults may cultivate at home. The law permits up to 6 mature plants per person, with a maximum of 12 mature plants per household. (There is no explicit limit on immature plants in the law, but presumably a reasonable number). Medical patients similarly have home grow rights (they were allowed 4 mature + 12 immature previously, but under the new law, all adults can do 6/12). The plants must be out of public view and secure. Unlicensed sales from home grows are not allowed, of course. Growing more than 12 mature plants at home violates the law – likely resulting in penalties such as charges for unlicensed production (which could be a felony if significant). But as long as someone stays within 6 (or 12 for two adults) flowering plants, home cultivation is legal in New Mexico.

New York

Medical: Legal – New York legalized medical marijuana in 2014 (Compassionate Care Act), initially a very restrictive program (no smokable flower until 2021). Patients are now allowed up to a 60-day supply of cannabis in forms like flower, oils, etc., as determined by regulations. In 2021, NY updated the law to permit home cultivation for patients (effective Oct 2022) – patients may grow up to 6 plants (3 mature, 3 immature) at home.

Recreational: Legal – New York legalized adult-use cannabis in March 2021 (MRTA). Adults 21+ can possess up to 3 ounces (85 grams) of cannabis flower and up to 24 grams of concentrates legally in public. Possession of larger amounts can incur penalties, but New York’s thresholds are high. The law also allows home cultivation, though regulations on it were finalized in late 2022: adults can grow at home.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Legal to possess up to 3 oz of flower or 24 g concentrate per adult. Possession of more than 3 oz (85 g) up to 8 oz (226 g) is a violation (not criminal) with a fine up to $125 (this is similar to a traffic ticket). More than 8 oz up to 16 oz is a misdemeanor; more than 16 oz (1 lb) is a felony (though these would presumably involve an intent to sell assumption). Specifically, the MRTA adjusted penalties: even possession of large amounts (like a few pounds) is treated less severely than under prior law. Public consumption outside permitted places can result in a violation (similar to a smoking infraction). Before legalization, NY had already decriminalized under 25 g making it a violation; now that bar is raised drastically – essentially under 3 oz is entirely legal, and even slightly above that just a fine. Only egregious amounts trigger criminal charges. New York also moved to automatically expunge many past marijuana convictions.

Home Grow: Allowed – New York will allow home cultivation of cannabis for personal use. As of October 2022, regulations permit each adult to grow up to 3 mature and 3 immature plants at home (with a cap of 6 mature and 6 immature per household). Medical patients got a head start: certified patients can grow at home under those same limits. All home grows must be in a secure, enclosed area away from public view. Exceeding the plant limit (e.g. growing a mini farm) could result in penalties – likely fines or, if extreme, criminal charges for illegal production. But within the 6/6 (household) plant limit, New Yorkers can cultivate legally, which is a significant provision given the initially slow retail rollout.

North Carolina

Medical: Illegal – North Carolina has not legalized medical marijuana. The only allowance is a very limited CBD-focused law (2014) which permits the use of hemp extract (CBD oil) with up to 0.9% THC for patients with intractable epilepsy. There is no broader medical cannabis program and no legal dispensaries as of 2025 (though legislation is under consideration).

Recreational: Illegal – All recreational use is illegal in NC. However, North Carolina did enact a partial decriminalization way back in 1977. Possession of up to ½ ounce (14 grams) of marijuana is a Class 3 misdemeanor punishable by a maximum fine of $200 – no jail time. This is effectively treated like a non-criminal infraction (though technically still a misdemeanor on record, it carries no active jail). Possession of 0.5–1.5 oz is a Class 1 misdemeanor (up to 45 days jail, $1,000 fine). Possession over 1.5 oz is a felony.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Up to 0.5 oz – punishable by a fine up to $200, and no jail or criminal record typically (Class 3 misdemeanor). 0.5 to 1.5 oz – Class 1 misdemeanor, up to 45 days jail (though NC often handles first offenses with suspended sentences) and up to $1,000 fine. More than 1.5 oz (or >21 g of hash) – Class I felony, with presumptive 3–8 months, but often first-time offenders might get probation. Essentially, NC’s law makes small personal amounts a ticket-like offense, but anything above ~42.5 g (1.5 oz) is treated quite seriously. Also, possession of any amount of hash or concentrate is automatically a felony in NC (because they’re under the resinous extract category). Enforcement varies by region, with some cities urging de-prioritization.

Home Grow: Not allowed – North Carolina prohibits cultivation of marijuana. Growing even a single plant is treated as manufacturing, a felony. The penalties would correlate to equivalent weight in processed cannabis or fall under separate cultivation statutes. As there is no legal use framework, any home grow is illegal and could result in charges from simple possession (if small) to trafficking (if plant count/weight is large). NC does have significant penalties for manufacturing or trafficking, so cultivation is strongly dissuaded under current law.

North Dakota

Medical: Legal – North Dakota legalized medical marijuana in 2016 (Measure 5). Patients may possess up to 3 ounces of cannabis for medicinal use. Smoking is allowed for flower (unless a minor patient). Home cultivation is generally not allowed except in special cases: if a patient lives 40+ miles from a dispensary, they may grow up to 8 plants in a secure facility with notification to the state.

Recreational: Illegal – Recreational cannabis is illegal in North Dakota. Voters narrowly rejected a legalization measure in 2022 (and also in 2018). Possession of small amounts was somewhat reduced in penalties in recent years: as of 2019, possession of up to ½ ounce (14 g) is an infraction (no jail, up to $1,000 fine) for first-time offenders. However, subsequent offenses or larger amounts are misdemeanors or felonies.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Up to 0.5 oz (first offense) – infraction, up to $1,000 fine, no jail. (This is essentially decriminalization for first-timers.) A second offense up to 0.5 oz would be a Class B misdemeanor (up to 30 days jail, $1,500 fine). 0.5 oz – 500 g (~17.6 oz) – Class B misdemeanor, up to 30 days jail, $1,500 fine. More than 500 g – Class A misdemeanor, up to 360 days jail, $3,000 fine. Note that North Dakota’s threshold for felony is fairly high; there is no felony possession charge for marijuana in ND after 2019 reforms (unless intent to distribute is proven). They chose to make even large personal quantities a misdemeanor at most. Delivery or distribution is separate and can be felony. So in summary, ND has decriminalized first-time small possession, and even larger possession up to about a pound is a misdemeanor – a relatively lenient stance compared to its past.

Home Grow: Allowed for some patients, otherwise not – Only registered medical patients who live more than 40 miles from the nearest dispensary are allowed to cultivate, and they can grow up to 8 plants. These patients must inform the state and comply with security requirements. Recreational home grow is illegal (since recreational use is illegal in general). If a non-patient grows any plants, it’s treated as illegal manufacture – likely a Class B felony if intent to distribute, or at least a misdemeanor based on weight of the yield. So outside the narrow medical exception, personal cultivation is not permitted.

Ohio

Medical: Legal – Ohio legalized medical marijuana in 2016 (HB 523). Patients with qualifying conditions can possess up to a 90-day supply of cannabis, defined by form/route (for plant material, roughly 8 ounces if vaping, etc.). Ohio’s program does not allow home cultivation; patients must purchase from licensed dispensaries.

Recreational: Legal – In November 2023, Ohio voters approved Issue 2 to legalize recreational cannabis. As of late 2023, adults 21+ in Ohio can possess up to 2.5 ounces (70 g) of cannabis and up to 15 grams of concentrates, legally. The new law also allows home cultivation of up to 6 plants per adult (12 per household) with certain regulations.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Under the new law, up to 2.5 oz is permitted. Previously, Ohio had decriminalized up to 100 g (~3.5 oz) as a minor misdemeanor ($150 fine); now with legalization of 2.5 oz, that portion will be penalty-free, and presumably 2.5–5 oz might remain a minor misdemeanor. According to prior statute (which may be updated post-2023 law): 100–200 g was a misdemeanor (up to 30 days jail, $250 fine). Larger amounts scaled to felonies (e.g. 200–1,000 g = felony up to 1 year; 1,000–20,000 g = 1–3 years). With legalization, possessing slightly above the limit (say 2.5–5 oz) will likely incur at most a civil fine or minor misdemeanor. Notably, even before legalization, Ohio treated ≤100 g as a non-criminal violation. So Ohio has been relatively lenient for personal amounts for decades (since the 1970s). Now with adult-use legal, those thresholds will shift or become moot. Public use remains prohibited and can result in a citation.

Home Grow: Allowed – For the first time, Ohioans can legally grow cannabis at home for personal use. Each adult 21+ may cultivate up to 6 plants, with a maximum of 12 plants per household (no matter how many residents). This was established by the 2023 voter initiative. Home growers must ensure plants are secured from unauthorized access and not visible publicly. Growing more than 12 plants or without following the law would be considered illegal cultivation – historically, Ohio penalized cultivation based on weight similar to possession. But within the 6/12 plant limit, it is now legal. This is a significant change, as previously all cultivation was illegal (except hemp).

Oklahoma

Medical: Legal – Oklahoma enacted a broad medical marijuana program by voter initiative in 2018 (State Question 788). The program is very permissive: patients can possess up to 3 ounces on their person (and more at home), and they can cultivate 6 mature plants and 6 seedlings at home. With over 10% of the population holding cards, it is a robust system. Practically any doctor-approved condition qualifies.

Recreational: Illegal – Recreational cannabis is not legal in Oklahoma. (A 2023 ballot measure for legalization failed at the polls.) However, due to the ease of getting medical cards, many effectively participate via the medical program. For those without a card, possession of small amounts has been somewhat decriminalized: in 2019, Oklahoma made simple possession (without a card) a misdemeanor punishable by a fine up to $400, with no jail, if the person can state a medical need. But generally, possession without a license is still a misdemeanor.

Possession Limits & Penalties: A licensed medical patient can have up to 3 oz on their person, 8 oz at home, 1 oz of concentrate, and 72 oz of edibles legally. For a non-patient, any amount is technically a misdemeanor (up to 1 year jail, $1,000 fine). However, as noted, Oklahoma law says if a person possesses up to 1.5 oz and can credibly state a medical condition, the punishment is a fine only ($400) – essentially a de facto decrim for small amounts if “medical” is claimed (even without a card). Larger amounts or intent to distribute are felonies. Notably, Oklahoma has no civil infraction status; it’s either a misdemeanor or felony. But first-time small possession is usually just a fine or probation in practice. Distribution crimes are treated severely (Oklahoma has some of the nation’s toughest penalties for large-scale sales or trafficking).

Home Grow: Allowed for Medical, Not for Recreational – Medical patients (and their caregivers) in Oklahoma may grow up to 6 mature plants and 6 seedlings for personal use at their residence. These plants must be tagged with the patient’s license number. Recreational users have no legal home grow (since rec is illegal). If someone without a medical card grows cannabis, it is considered unlawful cultivation – which can be prosecuted as a felony (punishable by up to 5 years). But those within the medical program enjoy one of the more generous home cultivation rights in the country (6 flowering plants). Enforcement in Oklahoma heavily relies on whether one is a registered patient or not.

Oregon

Medical: Legal – Oregon has had medical marijuana since 1998. Patients may possess up to 24 ounces of usable cannabis, and can cultivate up to 6 mature plants and 12 immature plants for medical use. (The medical limits are higher than recreational in Oregon.)

Recreational: Legal – Oregon legalized adult-use in 2014 (Measure 91). Adults 21+ may possess up to 1 ounce in public, and at home they may have up to 8 ounces of usable cannabis. They can also possess up to 16 oz of a cannabis product in solid form, 72 oz in liquid form, and 1 ounce of concentrates. Oregon also allows home cultivation.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Within the limits (≤1 oz public, ≤8 oz at home) is legal. Possession of 1–2 oz in public is a Class B violation (fines). 2–4 oz in public is a Class A violation (fines up to $1,000). Having 4 oz to 8 lb in public or more than 8 oz at home (over the limit) is a misdemeanor (up to 1 year jail, $6,250 fine). Possession of more than 8 lb is a felony (up to 5 years, $125,000 fine). Oregon thus graduated its penalties by amount, but notably, the personal allowances are quite high (8 ounces at home is half a pound). Public possession is limited to 1 oz; anything more in public view is at least a fine. Oregon also specifically prohibits use in public (fine) and within view of public. Most common scenarios – someone carrying say 2 oz in public – would just get a fine of up to $1k if enforced. But large-scale possession will attract distribution charges.

Home Grow: Allowed – Oregon law permits adults 21+ to grow up to 4 plants per household for personal use (recreational). Medical growers (patients or their designated growers) can grow more: up to 6 mature plants per patient, with limits on total plants if multiple patients are growing together (and even higher plant counts allowed for registered medical grow sites, albeit with tracking). For non-medical, exceeding 4 plants is unlawful: growing 5–8 plants is a violation ($2,000 fine), 9–12 plants a misdemeanor, and more than 12 a felony. Oregon’s home grow allowance is moderate (not as high as some states like Michigan, but enough for personal stash). Many Oregonians take advantage of the fertile region to grow their own within these limits.

Pennsylvania

Medical: Legal – Pennsylvania legalized medical cannabis in 2016. Patients can obtain a 30-day supply of cannabis products from dispensaries (flower, oils, etc. – smoking the flower is now allowed as “vaporization”). Pennsylvania law does not allow home growing for patients, and there’s a limited number of licensed growers/dispensaries serving the state.

Recreational: Illegal – Recreational use is not legal in PA. There have been decriminalization measures in some cities (Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, etc.), but statewide law still treats possession as a crime. Under state law, possession of up to 30 grams (about 1 oz) of marijuana is a misdemeanor punishable by up to 30 days in jail and a $500 fine. Possession of more than 30 g is a misdemeanor with up to 1 year in jail and $5,000 fine (and higher penalties for repeat offenses).

Possession Limits & Penalties: ≤30 grams – misdemeanor, up to 30 days and $500 fine. >30 grams – misdemeanor, up to 1 year and $5,000 fine (for a first offense); subsequent offense over 30g can be treated as a felony with up to 3 years and $25,000 fine. In practice, many municipalities issue only fines for small amounts (and offer diversion). But state law has not formally decriminalized small possession – hence the 30-day jail possibility on paper for under 30g. Pennsylvania is considering adult-use legalization legislation, with bipartisan bills filed in July 2025 and with the governor in strong support.

Home Grow: Not allowed – Pennsylvania prohibits home cultivation of cannabis for any purpose. Medical patients cannot grow their own; all medical cannabis must come from one of the state’s licensed grower-processors and dispensaries. If someone is found growing, the penalties would correlate to possession/manufacture statutes – likely a felony if intent to deliver is assumed, or at least a misdemeanor for possession of the amount being grown (if small). PA law treats manufacture/cultivation as a felony generally. So until laws change, any personal growing is illegal.

Rhode Island

Medical: Legal – Rhode Island legalized medical marijuana in 2006. Patients can possess up to 2.5 ounces of usable cannabis. Rhode Island also allows medical cardholders to cultivate: patients may have up to 12 plants (mature) and 12 seedlings, although recent regulations require tagging plants and have an oversight system. Caregivers can also grow for patients with limits.

Recreational: Legal – Rhode Island legalized recreational cannabis in May 2022. Adults 21+ may possess up to 1 ounce on their person, and up to 10 ounces at home. The law also permits home cultivation for personal use: adults can grow a small number of plants (same as medical patients’ limit) – specifically up to 6 plants (3 mature, 3 immature) per adult, with a maximum of 12 plants per household.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Under the new law, ≤1 oz is legal. Possession of 1 oz to 2 oz by someone 18 or older is a civil violation (a $100 fine). Possessing over 2 oz up to 1 kg (~2.2 lbs) without intent to distribute is a misdemeanor punishable by up to 1 year in prison and $500 fine. (Rhode Island increased the threshold for felony to 1 kg – meaning no simple possession felony unless more than 2.2 lbs.) Indeed, Rhode Island stipulates there is “no felony possession of marijuana in Rhode Island, unless there is an intent to distribute”. That’s a significant change; prior to legalization, >1 oz was a misdemeanor and >5 kg was a felony, but now the bar for felony is even higher and tied to intent. Also, prior to full legalization, RI had decriminalized up to 1 oz (civil fine $150). Now that 1 oz is legal, decrim isn’t needed for that range.

Home Grow: Allowed – Adults 21+ in Rhode Island may grow up to 6 plants in total, with no more than 3 mature at once. This is per person. The household cap is 12 total plants (max 6 mature). Home growers must tag their plants with their name and driver’s license number and keep them out of public view. Medical patients similarly can grow (12 mature, 12 immature per patient historically, though newer rules may align with 6/6 – but the law still says 12). Rhode Island is unique in that even before recreational legalization, it allowed fairly extensive patient growing, and now adults in general can grow, albeit with a bit lower limit. Exceeding the plant count (or untagged plants) can result in fines and potential criminal charges if significantly over. But within limits, Rhode Islanders can self-supply.

South Carolina

Medical: Illegal – South Carolina has not passed any medical marijuana law. The only thing in effect is a limited CBD law (2014 “Julian’s Law”) which allows patients with severe epilepsy to use high-CBD, low-THC oil (≤0.9% THC) with a doctor’s certification. There is no provision for dispensaries or broader medical use.

Recreational: Illegal – All cannabis possession is illegal in South Carolina, and it has not decriminalized small amounts at the state level. Possession of up to 1 ounce is a misdemeanor; for a first offense up to 1 oz (which SC defines as 28 g or less), the penalty is up to 30 days in jail and $100-$200 fine. A second or subsequent offense of simple possession (<=1 oz) is a misdemeanor punishable by up to 1 year in jail and up to $2,000 fine. There is no distinction in law for tiny amounts – any amount can technically result in arrest, though first offenders often get probation.

Possession Limits & Penalties: ≤1 ounce (first offense) – misdemeanor, up to 30 days imprisonment and $100–$200 fine. ≤1 ounce (subsequent offense) – misdemeanor, up to 1 year imprisonment and up to $2,000 fine. Possession of >1 oz is automatically treated as possession with intent to distribute (PWID) in SC. Specifically, possession of more than 28 g (1 oz) to 10 lbs is a felony punishable by up to 5 years and $5,000 fine. Possession of 10+ lbs is trafficking, a very serious felony (up to 25–30 years). In summary, South Carolina continues to jail individuals for even small marijuana amounts – over 10,000 such arrests in 2023 – as it has neither a med program nor a decrim law.

Home Grow: Not allowed – South Carolina prohibits cultivation of cannabis. In fact, growing any amount of marijuana is treated as a felony “manufacturing” charge. The state considers cultivation equivalent to intent to distribute if weight thresholds are met. As noted, having even one plant likely exceeds the 1 oz threshold, so it would be charged as a felony PWID (5-year potential sentence). The Marijuana Herald specifically notes that cultivation of any amount is a felony in SC. Thus, personal grows are extremely risky and illegal.

South Dakota

Medical: Legal – South Dakota voters approved medical cannabis in 2020 (Measure 26). The program launched in 2021. Patients may possess up to 3 ounces of cannabis. They can also home cultivate up to 2 flowering plants and 2 immature plants (or more if recommended by a doctor). Dispensaries are now operating.

Recreational: Illegal (for now) – South Dakota voters actually approved a recreational legalization measure in 2020 as well, but it was struck down by the courts on technical grounds. A subsequent 2022 initiative failed at the ballot. So currently, adult-use remains illegal. However, possession was somewhat reduced in penalty in recent years: possession of 2 ounces or less is a misdemeanor (prior to 2021, any amount was a misdemeanor; now they created weight tiers). South Dakota is a bit odd because, for a time, both med and rec were set to be legal from July 2021; med proceeded, rec did not.

Possession Limits & Penalties: For non-patients: 2 oz or less – Class 1 misdemeanor, up to 1 year jail, $2,000 fine. (South Dakota did not decriminalize, so even a gram is technically punishable by jail, but 2 oz is the threshold between misdemeanor and felony.) Possession of 2 – 8 oz is a felony (Class 6, up to 2 years). 8 oz – 1 lb Class 5 felony (up to 5 years), and higher weights escalate in felony class up to Class 3 for >10 lbs (15 years). Being caught with just a small personal amount (under 2 oz) will still get you a misdemeanor, though first-timers might get probation. Importantly, with medical now in place, card-holding patients are exempt for up to 3 oz. But recreational users have no protection. Additionally, South Dakota criminalizes ingestion (testing positive) as a misdemeanor – a unique law often criticized.

Home Grow: Allowed for Medical, Not Recreational – Registered medical patients in South Dakota may cultivate 2 flowering plants and 2 non-flowering plants at home (and the Department of Health can allow higher numbers by certification for certain patients). No one else can grow legally – recreational cultivation is not allowed. If a non-patient grows marijuana, it’s illegal and typically charged based on the weight of plants (or as manufacture). For example, growing even a couple plants could be seen as possession of whatever weight they yield (likely felony if >2 oz). But patients following the 2+2 plant rule are protected by the medical law.

Tennessee

Medical: Illegal – Tennessee has no comprehensive medical cannabis program. The only allowances are very narrow: a 2015 law permits cannabis oil with less than 0.9% THC for certain seizure patients, and a 2021 tweak expanded eligible conditions slightly, but there’s no legal way to obtain such oil in-state (no dispensaries). Essentially, like some other states, Tennessee only has a limited CBD oil law.

Recreational: Illegal – All marijuana possession is illegal in Tennessee, and the state has not decriminalized it. Possession of up to 0.5 oz (14 g) is a misdemeanor punishable by up to 1 year in jail and a $250 fine (for first offense; fine goes to $500 for second offense). In practice, first-time simple possession is often treated as a class A misdemeanor with possible probation. But officially it’s a crime that can yield jail time.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Any amount up to ½ ounce – misdemeanor (Class A), up to 11 months 29 days jail and $250 fine (first conviction). Second offense up to ½ oz: up to 1 year and $500 fine. Subsequent offenses become felonies in TN (third offense possession is a Class E felony). Over ½ oz is usually charged as possession with intent to distribute (felony), since Tennessee doesn’t differentiate higher simple possession amounts – they assume if you have more than casual use amount, it’s for sale. So effectively, Tennessee is one of the stricter states; even a small joint is a misdemeanor. Note: in 2020, Nashville and some other cities tried to decriminalize small amounts via local ordinance, but the state legislature nullified local decrim efforts. As of 2025, small possession statewide remains a misdemeanor, though some DAs may decline prosecution.

Home Grow: Not allowed – Tennessee prohibits cultivation. Growing even one marijuana plant is a felony (manufacture of a Schedule VI drug). Penalties depend on number of plants or weight. For instance, cultivating not less than 10 plants is a Class E felony (1–6 years), and it scales up with plant count. There is also a unique law that created a commission to study medical cannabis, but currently, any cultivation is illegal and heavily penalized. The state’s stance is firmly against any personal grow rights.

Texas

Medical: Limited – Texas has a very limited “Compassionate Use” program (since 2015, expanded in subsequent years). It allows low-THC cannabis oil (now up to 1% THC as of 2021) for patients with certain conditions (like epilepsy, cancer, PTSD, etc.). There are licensed dispensaries, but no smokable flower sales – only tinctures, edibles, etc., with low THC. No home cultivation is allowed.

Recreational: Illegal – Recreational marijuana is illegal in Texas, though enforcement varies widely (major cities often cite-and-release or don’t pursue small possession). State law classifies possession of up to 2 ounces as a Class B misdemeanor, up to 180 days jail and $2,000 fine. There have been efforts to decriminalize or lower penalties, but statewide law remains strict on the books.

Possession Limits & Penalties: ≤2 oz – Class B misdemeanor, up to 180 days incarceration, $2,000 fine. 2–4 oz – Class A misdemeanor, up to 1 year jail, $4,000 fine. Possession of over 4 oz is a felony in Texas (state jail felony for 4 oz to 5 lbs, with minimum 180 days up to 2 years) and heavier felonies above that. In reality, many counties have implemented diversion programs for first-time possession under 2 oz, so you might get a citation and required class. But others still arrest and charge. Texas also has a “cite and release” law allowing police to ticket rather than arrest for <4 oz, but it’s discretionary.

Home Grow: Not allowed – Texas prohibits any cultivation of marijuana. Growing even small numbers of plants is treated under possession or delivery statutes (usually by aggregate weight of the plants’ usable material). It would generally be a felony for any meaningful number of plants. Texas heavily enforces against illicit grows (apart from legal hemp which is now grown under license). So no personal grow rights exist.

Utah

Medical: Legal – Utah legalized medical cannabis in 2018 via a compromise bill (after a voter initiative). Patients can purchase up to a 30-day supply (which is defined as 113 grams of unprocessed flower, or 20 grams THC in products) from state-licensed pharmacies. Smoking cannabis is not allowed (flower can be vaped). Home cultivation is not permitted for patients.

Recreational: Illegal – Recreational use remains illegal in Utah. Possession of up to 1 ounce is a Class B misdemeanor on first offense, punishable by up to 6 months jail and a $1,000 fine. However, Utah did reduce penalties slightly: a second offense up to 1 oz is Class A misdemeanor; third offense becomes a felony. There’s no decrim law in Utah.

Possession Limits & Penalties: ≤1 oz (first offense) – Class B misdemeanor (0–6 months, up to $1,000). ≤1 oz (second offense) – Class A misdemeanor (0–1 year, up to $2,500). Any subsequent or >1 oz – third degree felony (0–5 years, up to $5,000). These are general guidelines; in practice, someone caught with a personal amount might get a plea to a lesser offense, but the law is fairly punitive. Notably, possession of any amount ≥100 pounds (!) is a first-degree felony (5 to life, $10,000 fine). So Utah scales penalties, but even a single joint is formally a crime.

That said, after medical implementation, patients with cards can legally possess their supply (up to the statutory limits). Non-patients remain under the above penalties. Also, Utah has a unique scheme of medical defense that existed pre-legalization: certain ill people could use a doctor’s recommendation as a legal defense in court for possession (a very limited precursor to the program).

Home Grow: Not allowed – Utah does not allow patients or anyone to grow cannabis at home. All medical cannabis must come from licensed growers and pharmacies. Cultivation by individuals is illegal and considered “production of a controlled substance,” a felony (with severity depending on circumstances). Utah is quite strict on unauthorized cultivation.

Vermont

Medical: Legal – Vermont legalized medical cannabis in 2004. Patients may possess up to 2 ounces of usable marijuana and can cultivate 2 mature and 4 immature plants for medical use. Dispensaries operate for registered patients as well.

Recreational: Legal – Vermont legalized recreational possession and home grow in 2018 (Act 86) – notably via the legislature, but without creating a retail market until later. Adults 21+ may possess up to 1 ounce of cannabis and grow plants at home. Commercial sales were later enabled by a 2020 law, and retail stores opened in 2022.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Possessing up to 1 oz (and 5 g of hash) is legal for adults. Possession of 1–2 oz is a misdemeanor punishable by up to 6 months jail and $500 fine. More than 2 oz (or more than 3 mature plants’ worth) can be a felony (up to 2 years). However, Vermont also treats first-time possession of larger amounts leniently at times – but formally, >1 oz is not allowed. The civil offense category is gone now for adults (it used to be civil for 1 oz or less pre-legalization, now that’s just legal). So essentially: ≤1 oz legal; >1 oz = illegal. Also, gifting up to 1 oz is allowed between adults with no remuneration. Public consumption is not allowed (subject to civil fine similar to tobacco violations).

Home Grow: Allowed – Vermont adults 21+ may cultivate up to 2 mature plants and 4 immature plants per household for personal use. This limit is per dwelling, regardless of number of occupants. The law requires the plants be in a secure, screened location. Medical patients have a slightly different limit historically (they could grow 2 mature and 7 immature). The state’s 2020 commercialization law didn’t change home grow rights except to affirm them. If someone grows more than 2 mature / 4 immature, they face penalties: e.g. 3–10 mature plants is a misdemeanor, and beyond that a felony with higher penalties. But within the legal plant count, cultivation is allowed and common in Vermont.

Virginia

Medical: Legal – Virginia has a limited medical cannabis program (since 2020, expanding on earlier CBD-only law). Patients may receive cannabis oils (including full-strength THC) from licensed dispensaries. There is no specific possession cap beyond a “90-day supply” dispensed. Smoking flower is technically not permitted – patients use oils, capsules, etc., although “flower” as dosage form was later allowed for vaporization. Home cultivation for patients is not explicitly permitted beyond what general adult law allows.

Recreational: Legal (possession/home grow) – Virginia legalized adult possession and home cultivation in July 2021. Adults 21+ may possess up to 1 ounce of cannabis in public legally. They may also cultivate cannabis at home. However, Virginia has not yet launched a retail sales system (and plans for it are in limbo under current state leadership). So adults can grow and share cannabis, but cannot legally buy or sell it (aside from medical dispensaries to registered patients).

Possession Limits & Penalties: Up to 1 oz – legal for adults (no penalty). Over 1 oz to 1 lb – a civil offense with a $25 fine (essentially like a parking ticket). Over 1 lb – a felony, 1–10 years possible and $250,000 fine. So Virginia drastically reduced penalties: more than 1 oz but under a pound is just a $25 fine (which is very lenient). Only possession of a massive amount (>1 lb) is criminal. Also, public consumption and underage possession remain prohibited (penalties apply). It’s worth noting Virginia had decriminalized up to 1 oz (civil $25 fine) in 2020, then moved to full legalization of that amount in 2021 – and kept the >1 oz up to 1 lb as $25 fine category.

Home Grow: Allowed – Virginia adults may grow up to 4 plants per household (not per person) for personal use. The plants must be tagged with the owner’s name, ID, and note that they’re for personal use, and kept out of public view. If someone grows 5–10 plants, it’s a $250 fine (civil). Growing 11–24 plants is a misdemeanor. 25+ plants is a felony. So Virginia does penalize over-limit grows, but modestly for small overages. Since there is no legal market yet, home cultivation is actually the primary lawful source of non-medical cannabis in Virginia. Sharing up to 1 oz with other adults is allowed, but any form of payment or consideration remains illegal until a retail market is established (if ever).

Washington

Medical: Legal – Washington State has had medical marijuana since 1998. Patients (with authorization) can possess up to 3 ounces of useable cannabis, 48 ounces of liquid, etc. They can also home cultivate up to 6 plants (and more with special authorization) and hold up to 8 ounces of what they grow. There’s a voluntary patient registry; those who join can grow slightly more (up to 15 plants with healthcare provider recommendation). Medical dispensaries were folded into the regulated system after 2016, but patients retain home grow rights.

Recreational: Legal – Washington legalized adult-use in 2012 (Initiative 502). Adults 21+ may possess up to 1 ounce of cannabis, 7 grams of concentrates, 16 oz of infused solid, or 72 oz infused liquid, legally. However, home cultivation for personal recreational use is not allowed in Washington (unlike most other legal states). Washington is one of the only legal states with no home grow for non-medical users, as of 2025.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Possession of up to 1 oz is legal. Possession of more than 1 oz up to 40 g of marijuana is a misdemeanor (up to 90 days jail, $1,000 fine). Over 40 g (about 1.4 oz) is a felony (up to 5 years, $10,000 fine). Washington had these penalties pre-legalization and they remain on the books for those exceeding limits. But since everyone 21+ can have 1 oz, arrests now typically occur only if someone has a fairly large amount. Possession of any amount of concentrates over 7 g could also result in charges. Public consumption is an infraction ($100). It’s worth noting WA defines 40 g as threshold – slightly different metric than 1 oz (28 g) limit, but essentially, >1 oz to 40 g is a grey area (likely cited as misdemeanor if somehow between those, though practically people use the 1 oz cutoff).

Home Grow: Allowed for Medical, Not for Recreational – Only registered medical marijuana patients may cultivate at home in Washington. Qualified patients can grow up to 6 plants (and possess up to 8 oz of usable marijuana from those plants). If a doctor specifically authorizes it, a patient may be allowed up to 15 plants. Non-medical individuals are not legally permitted to grow any cannabis at home – an unusual restriction among legal states, aimed at preventing diversion. There have been proposals to legalize limited home grow for recreational use (e.g. 4–6 plants) but none have passed yet. Therefore, if a non-patient grows, it’s considered illegal manufacture. Enforcement against one or two illicit plants in WA is low priority, but technically it’s a felony (since any unauthorized cultivation falls under possession with intent or manufacturing). Washington stands out as a state where you can legally buy marijuana but not grow your own unless you’re a patient.

West Virginia

Medical: Legal – West Virginia legalized medical cannabis in 2017. The program is operational with dispensaries offering products like oils, tinctures, flower for vaporization, etc., to registered patients. Smoking is not allowed, but dry flower for vaping is dispensed. Home cultivation is not allowed for patients (the law does not permit it).

Recreational: Illegal – Recreational marijuana is illegal in West Virginia. Possession of any amount is a misdemeanor. Specifically, possession of up to 15 grams (about half an ounce) carries 90 days to 6 months jail and a $1,000 fine. If it’s over 15 g or a subsequent offense, penalties can be higher (still misdemeanor unless intent to distribute). There’s no decriminalization; even a tiny amount could technically mean jail, though first offenders often get probation.

Possession Limits & Penalties: Any amount (first offense) – misdemeanor, 90 days to 6 months jail, and up to $1,000 fine. (The minimum 90 days can be suspended, but that’s the statutory range.) Subsequent offenses have up to 1 year jail. West Virginia doesn’t delineate different weights in the simple possession statute – it’s all a misdemeanor unless there’s intent to deliver. However, having a larger amount might lead to a felony charge for possession with intent. They often use 15 g as a guideline: over 15 g might be inferred as intent to distribute (felony 1–5 years). In short, WV is not decrim: even a joint is technically a crime with possible jail.

Home Grow: Not allowed – West Virginia law prohibits personal cultivation. Medical patients cannot grow their own cannabis either (they must purchase from dispensaries). There have been legislative attempts to allow limited patient grows (e.g. a bill for 10 plants for patients was introduced), but none have passed yet. Growing any marijuana in WV can be charged as manufacture, a felony with 1–5 years possible. Thus, no legal avenue exists for home cultivation as of 2025.

Wisconsin

Medical: Illegal – Wisconsin does not have a medical marijuana program. It only has a limited CBD oil law (from 2014, updated 2017) which allows possession of CBD cannabidiol with no psychoactive effect (essentially hemp-derived CBD) for any medical condition with a doctor’s recommendation. There’s no THC allowed, no dispensaries.

Recreational: Illegal – All cannabis possession is illegal in Wisconsin. Possession of any amount for a first offense is a misdemeanor punishable by up to 6 months in jail and a $1,000 fine. A second or subsequent offense (any amount) is a felony (Class I, up to 3½ years). So Wisconsin is quite harsh in that repeat possession is a felony. Some cities (Milwaukee, Madison, etc.) have local ordinances or policies that essentially decriminalize small amounts (issuing a fine), but state law remains strict.

Possession Limits & Penalties: First offense, any amount – misdemeanor, up to 6 months jail, $1,000 fine. Subsequent offense, any amount – Class I felony, up to 3.5 years in prison, $10,000 fine. These penalties have created a disparity where someone’s second time getting caught with even a gram could technically be a prison-level offense (though in practice, many prosecutors might charge it as a misdemeanor again or negotiate pleas). Wisconsin does not formally differentiate amounts – even a large quantity technically could just be a possession charge (though likely intent to deliver would be added if it’s significant). There is no separate decrim in state law, leaving that to local discretion. Also, Wisconsin’s neighboring states have legal cannabis, which has increased pressure for reform, but as of 2025 nothing comprehensive has passed.

Home Grow: Not allowed – Wisconsin forbids cultivation of marijuana. Growing one plant can be charged as manufacture/delivery (a felony). There is no medical exception or personal allowance. All forms of cultivation are completely illegal, with enforcement strictness varying by jurisdiction. Some local governments and the public support reform, but legally, any cultivation is subject to criminal penalties.

Wyoming

Medical: Illegal – Wyoming has no medical marijuana program. It only allows hemp-derived CBD (with 0.3% THC or less) under the 2015 law for epileptic seizures, which created a supervised “hemp extract” registration. Essentially, high-CBD, low-THC oil can be used by registered individuals with severe epilepsy, but there’s no broader access and no THC allowed above 0.3%.

Recreational: Illegal – Cannabis is fully illegal in Wyoming, with some of the nation’s harshest laws. Possession of under 3 ounces is a misdemeanor that can result in up to 1 year in jail and a $1,000 fine. Possession of over 3 ounces is a felony (up to 5 years, $10,000 fine). Wyoming has no decrim – everything is criminal. Even being under the influence of a controlled substance is a misdemeanor in WY (rarely enforced for marijuana specifically, but it’s on the books). The state’s approach remains very prohibitive.

Possession Limits & Penalties: ≤3 oz – misdemeanor, up to 12 months imprisonment, $1,000 fine. >3 oz – felony, up to 5 years imprisonment, $10,000 fine. These thresholds are explicitly in statute. So 3 ounces is the magic number dividing a year in county jail vs multi-year in state prison. Additionally, Wyoming punishes possession of liquid/hash differently: possession of any amount of liquid or crystalline cannabis (like hash oil) is a felony, because they treat it as a concentrate – this has ensnared people for vape cartridges and the like. But for plant material, the above weights apply. There’s also a separate crime for distributing any amount (which is a felony). In short, Wyoming continues to strictly enforce against marijuana, though given its low population, the absolute number of arrests is small.

Home Grow: Not allowed – Wyoming prohibits cultivation of marijuana plants. Growing is considered manufacture of a Schedule I substance, a felony. The state doesn’t have special thresholds by plant count; any cultivation intended to produce a usable amount would likely be charged based on weight or intent to distribute. Law enforcement in Wyoming has pursued illegal grows found in the state, often with heavy charges. No personal or medical cultivation exceptions exist.