According to a new study published in the journal Current Biology, cannabinoids give worms the munchies just as they do humans.
“Cannabinoids make nematodes [roundworms] hungrier for their favored foods and less hungry for their non-favored foods,” said study co-author Shawn Lockery in a press release. “Thus, the effects of cannabinoids in nematodes parallels the effects of marijuana on human appetites.”
Lockery notes that “Nematodes diverged from the lineage leading to mammals more than 500 million years ago. It is truly remarkable that the effects of cannabinoids on appetite are preserved through this length of evolutionary time.”
The new study was inspired in 2015, when cannabis became legal in Oregon.
“At the time, our laboratory at the University of Oregon was deeply involved in assessing nematode food preferences as part of our research on the neuronal basis of economic decision-making,” he said. “In almost literally a ‘Friday afternoon experiment’—read: ‘let’s dump this stuff on to see what happens’—we decided to see if soaking worms in cannabinoids alters existing food preferences. It does, and the paper is the result of many years of follow-up research.”
At the molecular level, the cannabinoid system in nematodes looks a lot like that in people and other animals. “It begged the question as to whether the so-called hedonic feeding effects of cannabinoids also would be conserved across species”, states the news release.
In the new study, the “researchers first showed that worms react to the endocannabinoid anandamide by eating more. They also ate more of their favorite food. The researchers found that those effects of the endocannabinoids depended on the presence of the worms’ cannabinoid receptors.”
In further studies, they genetically replaced the C. elegans cannabinoid receptor with the human cannabinoid receptor to see what would happen, and they found that the animals responded normally to cannabinoids. The discovery “emphasizes the commonality of cannabinoid effects in nematodes and humans, the researchers say.” They report that the effects of anandamide also depend on neurons that play a role in food detection.
“We found that the sensitivity of one of the main food-detecting olfactory neurons in C. elegans is dramatically altered by cannabinoids,” said Lockery. “Upon cannabinoid exposure, it becomes more sensitive to favored food odors and less sensitive to non-favored food odors. This effect helps explain changes in the worm’s consumption of food, and it is reminiscent of how THC makes tasty food even tastier in humans.”
The findings, Lockery says, are not only entertaining but they also have significant practical implications.
“Cannabinoid signaling is present in the majority of tissues in our body,” he said. “It therefore could be involved in the cause and treatment of a wide range of diseases. The fact that the human cannabinoid receptor gene is functional in C. elegans food-choice experiments sets the stage for rapid and inexpensive screening for drugs that target a wide variety of proteins involved in cannabinoid signaling and metabolism, with profound implications for human health.”
The researchers note that big outstanding questions remain, including how cannabinoids change the sensitivity of C. elegans olfactory neurons, which don’t have cannabinoid receptors. They’re also curious to study the effects of psychedelics on nematodes.
“Perhaps we can find a new set of similarities between humans and worms, now in the case of drugs that alter perception and psychological well-being,” Lockery says.
The full study can be found by clicking here.
